Should the U.S. Health Care System Be Nationalized

Should the United States adopt a nationalized health insurance plan or universal Medicare, in which doctors, hospitals, and the health care delivery system would be under the control of the federal government? Background Health insurance remains an unobtainable luxury to over 43 million U.S. citizens. Millions more live on the edge with only minimal, limited coverage. As health care costs continue to soar, and the overall health of Americans remains relatively poor compared to similar industrialized nations, the masses of the uninsured will continue to grow. Health care spending increased 7.7 percent in just one year during 2003 -- four times the inflation rate. Seeing their health insurance premium costs grow by about 11 percent yearly, many U.S. employers are dropping their employee health care plans. Health coverage for an employee with three dependents will cost an employer about $10,000 per year. Premiums for single employees average $3,695 a year. Many suggest that Americas health care solution is a nationalized health plan, under which medical care for all citizens would be paid for by the federal government and provided by doctors and hospitals regulated by the government. What are the good and not-so-good points of nationalized health care?   Pros   Nationalized health insurance would reduce the cost of American-made consumer products. Employers naturally pass the soaring costs of providing employee health insurance on to consumers. The result? U.S. consumers pay more and the nations ability to compete in global trade is reduced. Products from countries with nationalized health care simply cost less.Nationalized health insurance would be good for U.S. employees. The resulting reduction in the cost of American-made goods would help U.S. companies compete in global trade, thus keeping more jobs at home. Workers would gain job mobility. Too many Americans stay in jobs they dislike or hesitate to start their own businesses out of fear of losing their health insurance. Employer-provided health insurance tends to stifle innovation. Cons   Nationalized health insurance does not ensure equal access to the health care system. Elderly people in Canada and the United Kingdom report much more difficulty in obtaining health care than U.S. seniors. While New Zealands guidelines for treatment of end-stage renal failure imply that age should not be the sole factor in determining eligibility, they state that in usual circumstances, people over 75 should not be accepted. To the terminal misfortune of that nations elderly renal failure patients, New Zealand has no private dialysis facilities.Removing the medical sector from the free enterprise system tends to reduce the overall quality of health care. Study-upon-study has shown the quality of health care is typically higher in the U.S. than in any other nation, including those with nationalized health insurance. The United States has lower breast and prostate cancer mortality rates than New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, France, and Australia.Germany, Sweden, and Au stralia are now establishing free-market alternatives in an attempt to alleviate problems caused by their nationalized health care systems. Indeed, these countries are learning that the best course for the provision of quality health care is not more patient power rather than more government power. Where Nationalized Health Care Stands A recent national survey conducted by the American Consumer Institute showed that American consumers are split in their support of a nationalized health plan in which doctors and hospitals would be under federal government control. According to the survey, 43% would favor such a plan, compared to 50% who would oppose the plan. The survey showed that Democrats are more likely than Republicans to favor a nationalized plan (54% vs. 27%). Independents mirror the overall numbers (43% favor). African Americans and Hispanics are more likely to favor a nationalized health plan (55%), compared to just 41% of the Caucasians and just 27% of the Asians. The survey also suggests that affluent consumers (31% for households earning over $100,000) are less apt to support a national health plan, compared to lower income consumers (47% for households earning below $25,000). According to Anne Danehy, an expert for the Institute and President of Strategic Opinion Research, the survey reflects wide differences of opinion among consumers, suggesting that policymakers will struggle to find consensus on how best to deal with these important national issues. And Medicare for All? The Medicare for All Act of 2019 On February 27, 2019, U.S. Rep. Pramila Jayapal [Democrat, WA] introduced the Medicare for All Act of 2019. If enacted, the would place all Americans, regardless of age or medical condition under a Medicare-like health insurance plan within two years. The Medicare for All plan would ban employers from offering their employees private insurance plans to compete with Medicare. While there would be some government subsidized charges for prescription drugs, there would be no out-of-pocket cost for medical care. Along with all other existing Medicare benefits, the plan would cover long-term home nursing care and prep- and post-abortion care. Existing Medicare and Medicaid enrollees would also be transitioned onto the new plan, but the Veterans Health Administration and the Indian Health Service would continue to offer their own health care plans. Various House Democrats had introduced the Medicare for All Act every year since 2003 but garnered a record number of Democrat co-sponsors in 2017. While the 2019 version has little immediate chance of passing, especially in the Republican-controlled Senate, it will inevitably help mold the future reformed U.S. health care system.

Impact Of Power On The Workplace - 829 Words

Introduction Influence is the key in making changes within the community and in the workplace. Power has a greater influence on people in the workplace, especially when it comes from a dominant leader. However, there is a there is gender biases and gender power disparities. By having a gender difference impact our choices in power and influence. As a result, this can affect the difference on wages, training, evaluation and promotion when it comes to a female compared to a male employee and leader. By developing specific action steps that are useful can use to help achieve our desired change for our project. The Power Influence According to Rajan and Krishnan (2002), power is the capacity to influence and it is also viewed as a function of the motives both the power-holder and the recipient. Power is a manifestation of an asymmetry in the relationship between two people. There are five types of bases that fall under the power of influence and they are coercive, reward, legitimate, expert and referent. A research study was conducted by Rajan and Krishnan about the meaning of each of the bases that fall under power and the result. The meaning of coercive power is the ability of a manager to force an employee to comply with an order through threat of punishment. Reward of power is the ability of a manager to give some sort of reward to employees. Legitimate power is the belief among employees that their manager has the right to give orders based on his or her position. ExpertShow MoreRelatedWorkplace Bullying and Power Distance1403 Words   |  6 PagesDoes high power-distance culture in o rganizations increases the fear of reporting for workplace bullying? Introduction The objective of this study is to understand the direct relation between one of Hofstede’s (2003) four dimensions and the risk of reporting for workplace bullying in employees among various organisational culture. Culture effects on reporting of bullying incidents to management due to authoritative distance between employees and managers, and create dissatisfaction at jobRead MoreThe Effects Of Workplace Bullying On Workplace Essay907 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many reasons workplace bullying is costly and preventable. Workplace bullying can occur among all people and different venues. In school and business, practicing bullying it is unlikely to conducive positive performance and it is costly and preventable. The key is creating a positive work environment where bullying is not rewarded. Senior management and executives should take control of stopping workplace bullying and realizing it is possible for employee and employer to work together toRead MoreBullying : Abolish Negative Workplace Atmosphere1339 Words   |  6 PagesWorkplace Bullying: Abolish Negative Workplace Atmosphere Bullies are like chameleons. What they do and say may not always be visible, but their words and actions still impact another person’s life. Bullying does not stop once you graduate; however it continues on into the workplace. This must be stopped. Workplace bullying is inappropriate and it produces unbearable environments that lead to negative workplace atmospheres. The main people involved in the situation, the harmful and destructive effectsRead MoreWorkplace Bullying And Its Impact On The Nursing Profession1421 Words   |  6 PagesWorkplace bullying is a growing problem in the American workplace and the Nursing Profession no exception. Addressing workplace bullying and its impact on the nursing profession is paramount to upholding patient safety and decreasing nursing attrition rates. Defining the problem is the first step in addressing it. In the past, workplace bullying was referred to as â€Å"Nurses eating their young.† There are many names for the variou s levels of workplace bullying like horizontal and lateral violenceRead MoreMGT 312 Entire Course1103 Words   |  5 Pagesto your workplace. How will knowledge of organizational behavior benefit you as a manager? Include  at least two scholarly citations from the library.  MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior Paper Click  the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.   MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior Paper       MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior in the Workplace WORKSHEET    Organizational Behavior in the Workplace WORKSHEET Complete  the matrix below with 3 to 5 job skills found in the workplace that couldRead MoreOrganizational Politics1574 Words   |  7 Pagescareers when conflicting courses of action are possible† (Drory, 1993; Porter, Allen, amp; Angle, 1981). Organizational politics is an elusive type of power relations in the workplace. It represents a unique domain of interpersonal relations, characterized by the direct or indirect (active or passive) engagement of people in influence tactics and power struggles. These activities are frequently aimed at securing or maximizing personal interests or, alternatively, avoiding negative outcomes within theRead MoreThey Are Several Important Issue That Human Resources,1745 Words   |  7 Pages They are several important issue that human resources, managers, or company have to deal with, when it comes to workplace Demographic effects sure as gender, race, and ethnicity. All for this play a big role to how companies make it and how they find ways to solving the issue. In this paper, I argue that workplace Discrimination by gender and race are inadequately in organizations, causing uncertainty policies, which modeled aggressive response. A 2013, study by Sarra Ben Yahmed, who did anRead MoreWho Is The Leader Follower Theory?845 Words   |  4 PagesTheory Those in leadership positions within workplace environments often look towards ways to effectively lead teams of people to reach organizational goals Frequently believing there is one great method to be applied at all times without giving must thought to the possibility of building relationships with team members. Including the social aspect of team building can provide limitless opportunities for a team to excel while still staying focused on workplace goals. However there still is a need forRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The Environment Essay954 Words   |  4 Pagescommercial goods has a significant impact on daily as well as impact. Decreasing the use of vending machines additionally aid the decrease of carbon footprint impact since packed meals is another perpetrator of these CO2 pollutants. 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Last Sacrifice Chapter Fourteen Free Essays

string(111) " arranged like the Council chamber, with a long table on one side of the room that was set with twelve chairs\." THE KEEPERS HAD MIXED REACTIONS to us leaving. They were usually glad to see outsiders go, especially since we had Sydney with us. But after the fight, they held me up as some kind of superhero and were enchanted by the idea of me marrying into their â€Å"family. We will write a custom essay sample on Last Sacrifice Chapter Fourteen or any similar topic only for you Order Now ’ Seeing me in action meant some of the women were beginning to eye Dimitri now too. I wasn’t in the mood to watch them flirt with him–especially since, according to their courtship rules, I would apparently have to be the one to battle it out with any prospective fiancee. Naturally, we didn’t tell the Keepers our exact plans, but we did mention we’d likely be encountering Strigoi–which caused quite a reaction. Most of that reaction was excitement and awe, which continued to boost our reputations as fierce warriors. Angeline’s response, however, was totally unexpected. â€Å"Take me with you,’ she said, grabbing a hold of my arm, just as I started down the forest path toward the car. â€Å"Sorry,’ I said, still a little weirded out after her earlier hostility. â€Å"We have to do this alone.’ â€Å"I can help! You beat me †¦ but you saw what I can do. I’m good. I could take a Strigoi.’ For all her fierceness, I knew Angeline didn’t have a clue about what she’d be facing if she ever met an actual Strigoi. The few Keepers who bore molnijamarks spoke little about the encounters, faces grave. They understood. Angeline didn’t. She also didn’t realize that any novice at St. Vladimir’s in the secondary school could probably take her out. She had raw potential, true, but it needed a lot of work. â€Å"You might be able to,’ I said, not wanting to hurt her feelings. â€Å"But it’s just not possible for you to come with us.’ I would have lied and given her a vague â€Å"Maybe sometime,’ but since that had led Joshua to thinking we were semi-engaged, I decided I’d better not. I expected more boasts about her battle prowess. We’d learned she was regarded as one of the best young fighters in the compound, and with her pretty looks, she had plenty of admirers too. A lot of it had gone to her head, and she liked to talk about how she could beat anyone or anything up. Again, I was reminded of Jill. Jill also had a lot to learn about the true meaning of battle but was still eager to jump in. She was quieter and more cautious than Angeline, though, so Angeline’s next direction caught me off guard. â€Å"Please. It’s not just the Strigoi! I want to see the world. I need to see something else outside of this place!’ Her voice was pitched low, out of the range of the others. â€Å"I’ve only been to Rubysville twice, and they say that’s nothing compared to other cities.’ â€Å"It’s not,’ I agreed. I didn’t even consider it a city. â€Å"Please,’ she begged again, this time her voice trembling. â€Å"Take me with you.’ Suddenly, I felt sad for her. Her brother had also shown a little longing for the outside world, but nothing like this. He’d joked that electricity would be nice, but I knew he was happy enough without the perks of the modern world. But for Angeline, the situation was much more desperate. I too knew what it was like to feel trapped in one’s life and was legitimately sorry for what I had to say. â€Å"I can’t, Angeline. We have to go on our own. I’m sorry. I really am.’ Her blue eyes shimmered, and she raced off into the woods before I could see her cry. I felt horrible after that and couldn’t stop thinking about her as we made our farewells. I was so distracted, I even let Joshua hug me goodbye. Getting back on the road was a relief. I was glad to be away from the Keepers and was ready to spring into action and start helping Lissa. Lexington was our first step. We had a six-hour drive ahead of us, and Sydney, per usual, seemed adamant that no one else was going to drive her car. Dimitri and I made futile protests, finally giving up when we realized that if we were going to be facing Strigoi soon, it was probably best we rest and conserve our strength. The address for Donovan–the Strigoi who allegedly knew Sonya–was only where he could be found at night. That meant we had to make it to Lexington before sunrise, so we wouldn’t lose him when he went to his daytime lair. It also meant we’d be meeting Strigoi in the dark. Certain that little would happen on the drive–especially once we were out of West Virginia–Dimitri and I agreed we could doze a little, seeing as neither of us had had a full night’s sleep. Even though the lulling of the car was soothing, I drifted in and out of restless sleep. After a few hours of this, I simply settled into the trancelike state that brought me to Lissa. It was a good thing too: I’d stumbled into one of the biggest events facing the Moroi. The nomination process to elect the new king or queen was about to begin. It was the first of many steps, and everyone was excited, given how rare monarch elections truly were. This was an event none of my friends had expected to see anytime soon in our lives, and considering recent events †¦ well, we all had especial interest. The future of the Moroi was at stake here. Lissa was sitting on the edge of a chair in one of the royal ballrooms, a huge sweeping space with vaulted ceilings and gold detailing everywhere. I’d been in this dazzling room before, with its murals and elaborate molding. Chandeliers glittered above. It had held the graduate luncheon, where newly made guardians put on their best faces and hoped to attract a good assignment. Now, the room was arranged like the Council chamber, with a long table on one side of the room that was set with twelve chairs. You read "Last Sacrifice Chapter Fourteen" in category "Essay examples" Opposite that table were rows and rows of other chairs–where the audience sat when the Council was in session. Except, now there were about four times as many chairs as usual, which probably explained the need for this room. Every single chair was filled. In fact, people were even standing, crowding in as best they could. Agitated- looking guardians moved among the herd, keeping them out of doorways a nd making sure the bystanders were arranged in a way that allowed for optimal security. Christian sat on one side of Lissa, and Adrian sat beside Christian. To my pleasant surprise, Eddie and Mia sat nearby too. Mia was a Moroi friend of ours who had gone to St. Vladimir’s and was nearly as hardcore as Tasha about Moroi needing to defend themselves. My beloved father was nowhere in sight. None of them spoke. Conversation would have been difficult among the buzzing and humming of so many people, and besides, my friends were too awestruck by what was about to happen. There was so much to see and experience, and none of them had realized just how big the crowd would be. Abe had said things would move fast once Tatiana was buried, and they certainly had. â€Å"Do you know who I am?’ A loud voice caught Lissa’s attention, just barely carrying above the din. Lissa glanced down the row, a few seats away from Adrian. Two Moroi, a man and a woman, sat side by side and were looking up at a very angry woman. Her hands were on her hips, and the pink velvet dress she wore seemed outlandish next to the couple’s jeans and T-shirts. It also wasn’t going to hold up so well once she stepped outside of air conditioning. A glare twisted her face. â€Å"I am Marcella Badica.’ When that didn’t get a reaction from the couple, she added, â€Å"Prince Badica is my brother, and our late queen was my third cousin twice removed. There are no seats left, and someone like me cannot stand against the wall with the rest of that mob.’ The couple exchanged glances. â€Å"I guess you should have gotten here earlier, Lady Badica,’ said the man. Marcella gaped in outrage. â€Å"Didn’t you just hear who I am? Don’t you know who your betters are? I insist you give up your seats.’ The couple still seemed unfazed. â€Å"This session is open to everyone, and there weren’t assigned seats, last time I checked,’ said the woman. â€Å"We’re entitled to ours as much as you are.’ Marcella turned to the guardian beside her in outrage. He shrugged. His job was to protect her from threats. He wasn’t going to oust others from their chairs, particularly when they weren’t breaking any rules. Marcella gave a haughty â€Å"humph!’ before turning sharply and stalking away, no doubt to harass some other poor soul. â€Å"This,’ said Adrian, â€Å"is going to be delightful.’ Lissa smiled and turned back to studying the rest of the room. As she did, I became aware of something startling. I couldn’t tell exactly who was who, but the crowd wasn’t composed entirely of royals–as most Council sessions were. There were tons of â€Å"commoners,’ just like the couple sitting near my friends. Most Moroi didn’t bother with Court. They were out in the world, living their lives and trying to survive while the royals pranced around at Court and made laws. But not today. A new leader was going to be chosen, and that was of interest to all Moroi. The milling and chaos continued for a while until one of the guardians finally declared the room to be at capacity. Those outside were outraged, but their cries were quickly silenced when the guardians closed the doors, sealing off the ballroom. Shortly thereafter, the eleven Council members took their seats, and–to my shock–Adrian’s father, Nathan Ivashkov, took the twelfth chair. The Court’s herald yelled and called everyone to attention. He was someone who’d been chosen because of his remarkable voice, though I always wondered why they didn’t just use a microphone in these situations. More old-world traditions, I supposed. That, and excellent acoustics. Nathan spoke once the room settled down. â€Å"In the absence of our beloved queen †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ He paused looking down mournfully to offer a moment of respect before continuing. In anyone else, I might have suspected his feelings were faked, particularly after seeing him grovel so much in front of Tatiana. But, no. Nathan had loved his prickly aunt as much as Adrian had. â€Å"And in the wake of this terrible tragedy, I will be moderating the upcoming trials and elections.’ â€Å"What’d I tell you?’ muttered Adrian. He had no fuzzy affection for his father. â€Å"De- lightful.’ Nathan droned on a bit about the importance of what was to come and some other points about Moroi tradition. It was obvious, though, that like me, everyone in the room really wanted to get down to the main event: the nominations. He seemed to realize that too and sped up the formalities. Finally, he got to the good stuff. â€Å"Each family, if they choose, may have one nominee for the crown who will take the tests all monarchs have endured since the beginning of time.’ I thought that â€Å"beginning of time’ part was a bold and probably unverified exaggeration, but whatever. â€Å"The only exclusion is the Ivashkovs, since back-to-back monarchs from the same family aren’t allowed. For candidacy, three nominations are required from Moroi of royal blood and proper age.’ He then added some stuff about what happened in the event more than one person was nominated from the same family, but even I knew the chances of that happening were non-existent. Each royal house wanted to get the best advantage here, and that would involve a unified standing behind one candidate. Satisfied everyone understood, Nathan nodded and gestured grandly to the audience. â€Å"Let the nominations begin.’ For a moment, nothing happened. It kind of reminded me of when I’d been back in school, when a teacher would say something like, â€Å"Who’d like to present their paper first?’ Everyone kind of waited for someone else to get things going, and at last, it happened. A man I didn’t recognize stood up. â€Å"I nominate Princess Ariana Szelsky.’ Ariana, as princess, sat on the Council and was an expected choice. She gave a gracious nod to the man. A second man, presumably from their family, also stood and gave the second nomination. The third and final nomination came from another Szelsky–a very unexpected one. He was Ariana’s brother, a world traveler who was almost never at Court, and also the man my mother guarded. Janine Hathaway was most likely in this room, I realized. I wished Lissa would look around and find her, but Lissa was too focused on the proceedings. After everything I’d been through, I suddenly had a desperate longing to see my mother. With three nominations, Nathan declared, â€Å"Princess Ariana Szelsky is entered as a candidate.’ He scrawled something on a piece of paper in front of him, his motions full of flourish. â€Å"Continue.’ After that, the nominations came in rapid succession. Many were princes and princesses, but others were respected–and still high-ranking–members of the families. The Ozera candidate, Ronald, was not the family’s Council member, nor was he anyone I knew. â€Å"He’s not one of Aunt Tasha’s â€Å"ideal’ candidates,’ Christian murmured to Lissa. â€Å"But she admits he’s not a moron.’ I didn’t know much about most of the other candidates either. A couple, like Ariana Szelsky, I had a good impression of. There were also a couple I’d always found appalling. The tenth candidate was Rufus Tarus, Daniella’s cousin. She’d married into the Ivashkovs from the Tarus family and seemed delighted to see her cousin declared a nominee. â€Å"I don’t like him,’ said Adrian, making a face. â€Å"He’s always telling me to do something useful with my life.’ Nathan wrote down Rufus’s name and then rolled up the paper like a scroll. Despite the appearance of antique customs, I suspected a secretary in the audience was typing up everything being said here on a laptop. â€Å"Well,’ declared Nathan, â€Å"that concludes–‘ â€Å"I nominate Princess Vasilisa Dragomir.’ Lissa’s head jerked to the left, and through her eyes, I recognized a familiar figure. Tasha Ozera. She’d stood and spoken the words loudly and confidently, glancing around with those ice-blue eyes as if daring anyone to disagree. The room froze. No whispers, no shifting in chairs. Just utter and complete silence. Judging from the faces, the Ozera family’s nominee was the second-most astonished person in the room to hear Tasha speak. The first, of course, was Lissa herself. It took a moment for Nathan to get his mouth working. â€Å"That’s not–‘ Beside Lissa, Christian suddenly stood up. â€Å"I second the nomination.’ And before Christian had even sat down, Adrian was on his feet. â€Å"I confirm the nomination.’ All eyes in the room were on Lissa and her friends, and then, as one, the crowd turned toward Nathan Ivashkov. Again, he seemed to have trouble finding his voice. â€Å"That,’ he managed at last, â€Å"is not a legal nomination. Due to its current Council standing, the Dragomir line is regrettably not eligible to present a candidate.’ Tasha, never afraid of talking in a crowd or taking on impossible odds, leapt back up. I could tell she was eager to. She was good at making speeches and challenging the system. â€Å"Monarch nominees don’t need a Council position or quorum to run for the throne.’ â€Å"That makes no sense,’ said Nathan. There were mutters of agreement. â€Å"Check the law books, Nate–I mean, Lord Ivashkov.’ Yes, there he was at last. My tactful father had joined the conversation. Abe had been leaning against a wall near the doorway, dressed splendidly in a black suit with a shirt and tie that were exactly the same shade of emerald green. My mother stood beside him, the slightest hint of a smile on her face. For a moment, I was captivated as I studied them side by side. My mother: the perfect picture of guardian excellence and decorum. My father: always capable of achieving his goals, no matter how twisted the means. Uneasily, I began to understand how I’d inherited my bizarre personality. â€Å"Nominees have no requirements concerning how many people are in their family,’ continued Abe jovially. â€Å"They only need three royal nominations to be confirmed.’ Nathan gestured angrily toward where his own wayward son and Christian sat. â€Å"They aren’t from her family!’ â€Å"They don’t need to be,’ countered Abe. â€Å"They just need to be from a royal family. They are. Her candidacy is within the law–so long as the princess accepts.’ All heads swiveled toward Lissa now, as though they were suddenly just noticing her. Lissa hadn’t twitched since the startling events began. She was in too much shock. Her thoughts seemed to move both fast and slow. Part of her couldn’t even start to process what was happening around her. The rest of her mind was spinning with questions. What was going on? Was this a joke? Or maybe a spirit-induced hallucination? Had she finally gone crazy? Was she dreaming? Was it a trick? If so, why would her own friends have been the ones to do it? Why would they do this to her? And for the love of God, would everyone stop staring at her? She could handle attention. She’d been born and raised for it, and like Tasha, Lissa could address a crowd and make bold statements–when she supported them and was prepared. Neither of those things applied to this situation. This was pretty much the last thing in the world she had expected or wanted. And so, she couldn’t bring herself to react or even consider a response. She stayed where she was, silent and shell- shocked. Then, something snapped her from her trance. Christian’s hand. He’d taken Lissa’s, wrapping his fingers with hers. He gave her a gentle squeeze, and the warmth and energy he sent brought her back to life. Slowly, she looked around the room, meeting the eyes of those all watching her. She saw Tasha’s determined gaze, my father’s cunning look, and even my mother’s expectation. That last one proved most startling of all. How could Janine Hathaway–who always did what was right and could barely crack a joke–be going along with this? How could any of Lissa’s friends be going along with this? Didn’t they love and care about her? Rose, she thought. I wish you were here to tell me what to do. Me too. Damned one-way bond. She trusted me more than anyone else in the world, but she realized then that she trusted all of these friends too–well, except maybe Abe, but that was understandable. And if they were doing this, then surely–surely–there was a reason, right? Right? It made no sense to her, yet Lissa felt her legs move as she rose to her feet. And despite the fear and confusion still running through her, she found her voice inexplicably clear and confident as it rang out through the room. â€Å"I accept the nomination.’ How to cite Last Sacrifice Chapter Fourteen, Essay examples

Hip hop race free essay sample

In HIP Hop It is a common belief that hip hop has served as the medium for healing racial tension in the 21st century. Although the hip hop industry has seen a subtle wave of successful white American rappers over the past couple of decades, this is not enough to suggest a racial merge in the predominately black American world of hip hop. White Americans are not typically welcomed into the hip hop community.The few white American rappers that have made It big in the hip hop industry must be dewed as exceptions to the Idea that the rap community Is solely interested In the creative narratives of African Americans. Over the past few decades, Its very clear that the stereotypical hip hop artist Is an African American male who speaks about violence and how he went threw the struggles of growing up in a poor community. But that does not always have to be the case. We will write a custom essay sample on Hip hop race or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, Mine is a white rapper from the trailer park homes of Detroit.Although he is not African American, he still used his pain of growing up in a lower class community with a very poor relationship with his single parent mother. The rap industry is a primarily black American industry. There is no law that says white rappers are prohibited in our society, but generally speaking; the rap industry is powered by black American individuals. The rap industry has grown so tremendously over the passed years that this one time primarily one time predominately black American ran industry has now expanded. The industry Is now global and world wide, with artists touring In all different cycles and countries.Now that the Industry Is globalize, there are many other races and ethic groups showing interest into this industry of hip hop and rap music. This day in age there are many more white Americans as well as other races that are trying to make it and make a name for themselves in this high powered hip hop industry. Radio listeners , research The hip hop industry Is like any other industry; if it is predominately ran by one kind of person, that individual may not want any other people such as those of a different race or gender or ethic group to try and be a success in that i ndustry.As another example we can compare hip hop to politics. Politics back in the day were ran by all white American males, and now we have women running politicians and even a black president. There are many people who are unhappy about the president being black. The same goes on in hip hop; the black Americans in the Industry and the fans of the Industry and hip hop music, may not want to see a successful white rapper in an industry where most of the success is obtained by black Americans.

Lab Report on Ideal Gas Law Essay Example

Lab Report on Ideal Gas Law Paper We then poured the water back into the test tube and placed the tube into the bucket with the opening upwards, turning the open end downwards after the tube was fully submerged beneath he surface. We then placed the canister directly below the opening of the test tube, and released the gas so that the bubbles rose into the test tube. Next, we used a cork whose head was larger than the opening of the test tube to block off the opening (without changing the pressure inside of the tube), so that we could transport the remaining water to a graduated cylinder. When doing this, it was very important that the water level inside of the tube was equal to that of the surrounding water in the bucket, because that ensured that since the eater pressure in the tube was the same as that of the surrounding water, the pressure of the gas would be the same as that of the surrounding air. Thus, we recorded the gas pressure to be the same as the pressure in the room, which was calculated to be 763. 0 meg. We poured the remaining water from the test tube into a graduated cylinder to calculate the difference between the original water volume and the volume remaining, because this difference was equal to the volume of the gas released. Next, we blow-dried and shook the canister to get rid the extra mass that would eave been added by any water that had clung onto it while it was in the bucket, and weighed the canister again. We subtracted this mass from the original mass of the canister to find out the mass of gas released. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report on Ideal Gas Law specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report on Ideal Gas Law specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report on Ideal Gas Law specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Now that we had collected our data, we used Talons law of partial pressures to calculate the pressure of the gas from the canister alone, so we subtracted the pressure of the water vapor at the recorded water temperature (1 5. ICC) from the total pressure of the gas (763. 0 meg). With the pressure of the unknown gas lone, we were ready to plug our values into the IV=nor equation. Solving for n, we were able to determine how many moles of the gas we had used, so we only had to divide the mass of gas used by the moles to calculate the molar mass of the gas (in grams per mole). With the molar mass of the gas, we were able to identify the gas. 2. Results: Below are the values we recorded for each step in the experiment, as well as the calculations we made to come up with the molar mass of the unknown gas. Thus, the unknown gas was butane, CHICHI, whose molar mass is about 58. G/ mol. 3. Discussion: The theory behind our experiment was to find each necessary factor in the simplest, most accurate way. The most difficult part was figuring out how to catch all of the gas that we released, and to measure the volume of that gas precisely. The method we used was very effective because we were able to see the movement of the gas, and we were therefore able to control its entry into the test tube. Our results were pretty accurate, but there was some room for error. Below are the calculations for the percent error of our molar mass assortment. Some of the sources of error came from possible procedural problems, while others came due to the theoretical limitations of the experiment. One of the procedural difficulties we may have encountered was that there might have still been some water left on the canister when we weighed it the second time. Because the second mass of the canister would have the added mass of the water, the difference between the original mass and the mass after the gas had been released would have been smaller. Thus, we would have recorded a lower ass of gas released, so the molar mass calculation would have been lower because the numerator of the equation would have been smaller. Perhaps we could have blow-dried the canister for a longer period of time until we were absolutely sure that no water remained. Another procedural problem was the balance we used. Because it only measures to the hundredths place, we recorded the mass of the gas released to only one significant figure. Because of this, we were limited to only one significant figure in our calculation of the molar mass, so although we would have had an answer of 52. G/mol, we had to round down to 50 g/mol, which led to a greater percent error. The theoretical difficulties arose because we were applying the ideal gas law to a real gas. So, for example, while ideal gas particles have elasticity and dont lose speed or energy when they collide, the particles of a real gas do lose energy and speed, and this decrease leads to lower pressure. Also, ideal gases do not have any intermolecular forces, and the volume of the particles of an ideal gas can be ignored, but with a real gas, the particle size makes a difference. Because butane molecules are so large ND exist in a state very close to liquid form, we know that there are very strong dispersion forces holding the molecules together. Larger molecules have more momentary dipoles, and thus a stronger attraction, so because the molecules are held so close together, the volume we recorded was smaller than it would have been if butane were an ideal gas. However, despite these errors, our calculated molar mass was not very far from the actual molar mass of butane gas, so we did a relatively good job of controlling these variables that could have greatly affected our results.

I am going to analyse a scene from the first ever James bond film Dr No Essay Example

I am going to analyse a scene from the first ever James bond film Dr No Essay Example I am going to analyse a scene from the first ever James bond film Dr No Paper I am going to analyse a scene from the first ever James bond film Dr No Paper In this essay I am going to analyse a scene from the first ever James bond film Dr No. James Bonds real name is Sean Connery. The producers of the film are Harry Saltzman and Albert Broccoli. The director is Terence young. The film was first shown in 1962. It was a big hit. For the scene that I am analysing, I will talk about what happens in the scene, the music that accompanies the scene, and how it fits the action, how well Connery acts in the scene, the camera shots and the camera angles and how well they help to add tension to the scene, the lighting techniques and how ell these add tension, how the scene is staged and how the audience would react when it was first shown. The scene starts with Connery asleep. He is suddenly woken up by an object crawling up his body. He doesnt move to avoid getting hurt. He also starts to sweat because he is very nervous. This tells us that what ever is under his bed sheets is very dangerous enough to make him not move and also to make him sweat. The object slowly reaches near to the top of the bed sheets. This is a tense moment because know one knows what it is so everybody is waiting it to come out from the top of the sheets. When it finally comes out from the top of the sheets everybody is terrified firstly of the huge, hairy legged spider and secondly of the spider being on top of Connery. The spider slowly walks up towards Connerys head. The spider walking slowly on Connery makes the audience feel that they are in that position. As the spider slowly crawls up Connery he tries not to move but he tracks the spider with his eyes as carefully as he can. He does this to look out for a good chance for him to make a mov e. The spider crawls up to his shoulders at this point the audience think that it is going to go onto his face it might even put his hairy legs into his mouth. This makes the audience actually feel what Connery is feeling. The spider suddenly changes direction and crawls off his shoulders and onto the pillow. At this point the audience is relieved but it isnt over yet. Once Connery is safe, he jumps out off the bed onto the floor and kills the spider with an object; probably his shoe. He hits the spider 5 times. He slowly gets, up leans against the wall, runs his hand through his hair and exits the room slowly and shocked. The audience is relieved. At the opening of the scene we hear natural sounds such as crickets. When the spider arrives on to the scene we hear the flute. This suggests that the spider is dangerous. When the spider starts to crawl up Connery arm the music goes up in steps, building tension for the audience. As the spider goes down Connerys arm the music goes down in steps. When the spider crawls off his arm the music goes very tense. When Connery runs around the bed the instruments start to play. When Connery hits the spider 5 times, the drums hit 5 times. In this scene that I am analysing there is no dialogue so all the tension has to be built by the music. Connery acts very nervous because of the poisonous spider that he is dealing with. Connery doesnt want to act very nervous because this wouldnt be following his theme. At the starting of the scene the camera moves down from the window, follows the light onto the bed where Connery is asleep. The camera then focuses on the object which is on Connery. The camera then focuses on Connerys face to show his reaction. The camera moves back to the spider which comes out of the bed sheets. The camera tracks the spider crawling up his arm. The camera keeps on switching between Connery and the spider. They do this to show how Connery reacts. This is also another way in which they create tension. When the spider eventually crawls onto the pillow the camera zooms out to show Connery running out of bed. When Connery has killed the spider the camera follows Connery slowly getting up and exiting the room. In this scene there is simple lighting. There is only one light source, this is the moon. In the room where Connery is asleep you see a mixture of light and dark. This emphasises how hot it is in the hotel room. The hotness of the room tells us that it is a tropical country and in tropical countries there is a lot of scorpions, spiders, snakes etc. The scene is a simple hotel in the room with no extra props such as a gun to take the audiences eyes off Connery and the spider. The door which Connery exits from is left open a bit so Connery can have a smooth exit and doesnt have to fiddle with the door lock. When this movie was first shown in 1960 you would expect the audience to react shocked because dangerous chemicals, explosives and poisonous spiders wont yet discovered. If the movie was shown today it would be very boring because all these things have been discovered and are old news. I think that the movie that I have watched is boring because it has no new discoveries in it. They also talk about things that have already been discovered. I liked some of the movie because it had lots of tension in it. You could also feel that you were in Connerys position.

The role of using first language (L1) and translation in English as a Essay - 1

The role of using first language (L1) and translation in English as a foreign language ( EFL) classes - Essay Example The plan is to conduct interviews with a number of teachers (3 additional teachers). The teachers have been chosen from different schools. I have met 5 of them in the Indian school (elementary) where they teach only English (no Arabic or Indian used at all). The students in this school are mixed, males and females who came from different countries: China, Egypt, Iraq, India and many other countries. The remaining 6 teachers have been chosen from 4 different elementary schools, in which they were employed in basic education (co-education). First, I am planning to divide the answers in different boxes. Each box will include the number of teachers who agreed or disagreed. The first box will include part 1 Question, the second box will include part 2 questions, and the final box will include part 3 questions (see appendix 3). Then, I will change the numbers to percentages (e.g. 60% of the teachers agree/disagree). Charts will be used in this section, so that the information will be clearly presented. A second prong of the methodology involves planned observation of the teachers and the students inside the class, to know whether they are using translation or L1 in their classes. I think one of the most underused data collection methods is observation. According to Moor (1995), â€Å"The information we collect as an observer can be used to analyze student learning, the learning environment and students attitudes toward learning and schooling.† In order to collect data in this research, I visited different schools in Oman. I joined different classes. An important objective of these visits was to get to know more about teachers, students, and what is happing inside the classrooms. However, my main purpose was to know more about the students and the teachers inside of these classes. During these observations, I wanted to know how the teachers and students were interacting with each other in the class, how the teachers taught English, and whether or

Managing Quality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Managing Quality - Essay Example ting the quality delivery of healthcare and also to look at the possible ways in eradicating the vices and also approaches to gauging and enforcing quality systems and standards. The report also discusses the delivery of quality service by involving the service users and how this will help in promoting quality and effective delivery at The Royal United Hospital Bath. The primary aim of this report is recommend and facilitate the ways of improving quality in healthcare and social organizations through monitoring, regulating, and implementing every aspect of service delivery. In addition, the report recommends various means of improving quality at The Royal United Hospital Bath by classifying factors influencing quality and the areas of improvement. Finally, the report also targets to evaluate different structured approaches to achieve high quality of health care deliver by providing evidence in order to define the essentiality of adequate quality management. Quality of health care and social care aspects has become a serious concern for healthcare settings. In health care and social care, quality is the most fundamental aspect being considered in improving the productivity and efficiency of service delivery. As a matter of fact, quality is defined in a number of ways and literally as the degree of excellence in doing something. In healthcare and social care sectors, quality management is very important in providing the best care for services uses and to achieve high quality outcome. It is extremely important for the within health and social sectors to work efficiently together in order to help them implement appropriate approaches and strategies in increasing the quality of services. In health and social care sector the NHS Outcomes Framework has illustrated five domains of quality as follow; enable people to recover effectives from period of illness or injury, promoting quality of life for individuals diagnosed with long-term condition, avoiding early dead,

Juvinile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Juvinile - Essay Example These people are taken to regular courts and if need be are jailed after justice has been reached as per the rules of the land. On the other hand, if the offender is below 18 years of age, a different set of rules apply. These persons are tried under juvenile law where the goal is to rehabilitate rather than punish the minors for crimes done. This will be the focus of this discussion and this paper will look at various issues as pertains to a juvenile case The People v. Eric S. Considering juvenile case number A125758 of the people as the plaintiff and Eric S. as the defendant/appellant, there are a number of issues that arise. This case arose when the appellant, 17 year old Eric together with his two teenage companions attacked a 44 year old man. During the attack, the appellant hit the victim in the head with a two by four resulting in severe injuries. These injuries included a gash in the head that required seven staples, a fractured cheekbone resulting to swelling of the face, a contusion on his right forearm and a sprained knee and torn ligaments (Justia US Law, 2). In addition to this, the victim suffered a black eye and severe swelling of the knee and forearm. Being a member of the Kaiser family foundation, the victim received extensive medical treatment at a Kaiser facility. After the court hearing, the appellant was declared a ward of the juvenile court when he admitted to a felony assault count of using force likely to cause great bodily injury. The decision of the court was to release him but put him on home probation under a number of conditions (Justia US Law, 2). In addition to these conditions, he was required to pay direct victim restitution. In the restitution hearing, the district attorney asked the court to include the cost of the victim’s treatment at the Kaiser Foundation. This amounted to $51,270.06 which included $48, 619.90 for the cost incurred at the Kaiser Family plus an additional $2,650.16 for out-of-pocket expenses incurred by the victim. According to People v. Duong (2010) 180 Cal.App.4th 1533 (Duong), the court held that victim restitution ordered against adult offenders under Penal Code section 1202.4 may include amounts billed for medical services provided by a health maintenance organization (Findlaw, 5).As a result of this decision, there were a number of legal questions that arose, first of all, the question of having to pay for the cost of all the treatment that the victim received at the Kaiser Family Foundation. Would it not be fair enough if the appellant only covered the victim’s out of-pocket expenses? This is from reasoning that the victim was a member of the Kaiser HMO and thus would not have to pay for the medical services that he received from the institution. Another question that arose was the fact that direct restitution should be limited to the economic losses a victim occurs as a result of an attack and should not include medical expenses that the victim did not pay for per sonally. PART 2 In defense of the ordered restitution amount that was to include the medical care provided by the Kaiser Foundation, one critical question was answered by the case. This was the fact that ordering restitution for a victim in a juvenile case was to serve three functions which include, to rehabilitate the defender, to prevent future delinquent behavior and finally to make the victim whole by compensating him for the economic loss

Unethical Behaviours in the Workplace

Unethical Behaviours in the Workplace Matthew D. Andrews Jr. Monday Wednesday 10:30-12:10 It is moment of time to where you need to fix the talent that is influential to an organizations most imperative strength for a business. Organizations need to act in ways that acknowledge the strategic significance of talent, and to make outline and strategic determinations based on their capability to entice and direct talent. For years, CEOs have communicated about their people as a most significant advantage, but they have not performed appropriately when it comes to making their corporate plans, their organization intentions, and their talent management preparations. It is essential currently, that organizations make talent management a key portion of their organization strategy and management decision-making. How can they do this? First, they need to distinguish that the business world has transformed, and that talent is, in fact, the most critical asset in almost all business. A number of major modifications, counting the globalization of organizations, developments in technology, and a continuous rate of change in the business atmosphere, have made this happen. These fluctuations have created a world where the method in which businesses are operated and their talent accomplished to become the major determining factor of their efficiency. Positioning talent as the important decision maker of business usefulness requires that organizations move away from the current job-based style to business plan and management. They need to start thinking about business strategic plan that help give focus on the strength and abilities that are required in order to implement a business approach. This proficiency study needs to be established on the responsibilities and behaviors that an businesses need to implemented, rather than the expansion of job growth. Businesses need to concentrate on the prospective foundations of the talent that is desirable to execute business approaches. This analysis needs to contemplate numerous types of commitment relations with talent, as well as whether it is best client in the business or recruit them by force. Choose correctly on what talent you pick for job. One key to successful business talent thinking in todays world of work is observing outside the job-based worker model of handling talent. What is mainly exciting and thought-provoking about growing the right talent/business tactic arrangement for an business is the number of possibilities that can be deliberated and executed given todays business atmosphere. Instead of considering jobs for certain people and give wrong job to inexperienced person, business now have a lot ways to getting the key talent they must have in order to do the responsibilities that are asked of them to execute their plans. A second key to growing an successful talent and business plan is making talent accessibility and talent approachability is consider a strategy success in the business world because jobs want to hired people that wanted staying power in the business and not have to worry lose them (The Huffington Post, 2017). In this current time, approximately 120 million people go into a workplace someplace in the United States. In this current time, almost fifty percent of these employees personally observed some kind of ethical wrongdoing, concurring to a recent survey accompanied by the Washington, D.C.-based Ethics Resource Center (ERC). We are not speaking about employees being aware of CFO carry out insider trade fraud. More probable, it is someone who lied to an employer or gave in a fabricated expense account. Recorded below, concurring to the ERC study, are the Three most recurrently detected disreputable behaviors in the U.S. businesses. 1. Misusing company time Whether it is lying for someone who end up showing up to work late or modifying a time sheet, abusing company time tops the cake as a big no-no in the business. This category consist of distinguishing that one of your co-workers is doing personal business on work time. By personal business, the study understand the distinction between making personal calls to increase your off-side business and calling your wife to find out how your sick child is doing. 2. Abusive behavior Too many businesses are filled with general managers and employers who use their standing and power to mishandle or disregard others. Regrettably, unless the position you are in comprises you not to discriminate against race, gender or ethnic origin, there is often no legal defense against offensive behavior in the workplace. This behavior is consider very unprofessional and could cause you to lose your job. 3. Employee theft Conferring to a current analysis by Jack L. Hayes International, one out of every 40 employees in 2012 was found appropriating either money or stuff from their employer. Even more surprising is that these employees embezzle on average 5.5 times more than thieves do ($715 vs $129). Employee deception is also on the up rise, whether its check meddling, not documenting sales in order to affecting expense repayments. The respectable news from the ERC analysis is that most American employees and employers do the correct thing. The analysis shows that most of us obey our companys ethical standards of behavior, and we are eager to testify unlawful activity when we see it happened. However, for those of us who monitor ethical behavior in the business, there are some worrying tendencies in the ERC survey. The fraction of employees who knowledgeable some form of retribution for describing non-ethical behavior soared from 15 percent to 22 percent. Trust in the ethics of senior front-runners decreased from 68 percent to 62 percent. When it comes to the ethical business, we may be on a downhill slide (Philadelphia Business Journal, 2015). References: Philadelphia Business Journal, (2015). The 5 most common unethical behaviors in the workplace Retrieved From: http://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/blog/guest-comment/2015/01/most-common-unethical-behaviors-in-the.html The Huffington Post, (2017). Organizations Should Put Talent First In 2017. Retrieved From: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ed-lawler/organizations-should-put_b_14323730.html

Free Essay on the Grangerfords’ World in Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn - The Grangerfords’ World   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Huckleberry Finn provides the narrative voice of Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and his honest voice combined with his personal vulnerabilities reveal the different levels of the Grangerfords’ world. Huck is without a family: neither the drunken attention of Pap nor the pious ministrations of Widow Douglas were desirable allegiance. He stumbles upon the Grangerfords in darkness, lost from Jim and the raft. The family, after some initial cross-examination, welcomes, feeds and rooms Huck with an amiable boy his age. With the light of the next morning, Huck estimates "it was a mighty nice family, and a mighty nice house, too"(110). This is the first of many compliments Huck bestows on the Grangerfords and their possessions. Huck is impressed by all of the Grangerfords’ belongings and liberally offers compliments. The books are piled on the table "perfectly exact"(111), the table had a cover made from "beautiful oilcloth"(111), and a book was filled with "beautiful stuff and poetry"(111). He even appraises the chairs, noting they are "nice split-bottom chairs, and perfectly sound, too--not bagged down in the middle and busted, like an old basket"(111). It is apparent Huck is more familiar with busted chairs than sound ones, and he appreciates the distinction. Huck is also more familiar with flawed families than loving, virtuous ones, and he is happy to sing the praises of the people who took him in. Col. Grangerford "was a gentleman all over; and so was his family"(116). The Colonel was kind, well-mannered, quiet and far from frivolish. Everyone wanted to be around him, and he gave Huck confidence. Unlike the drunken Pap, the Colonel dressed well, was clean-shaven and his face had "not a sign of red in it anywheres" (116). Huck admired how the Colonel gently ruled his family with hints of a submerged temper. The same temper exists in one of his daughters: "she had a look that would make you wilt in your tracks, like her father. She was beautiful"(117). Huck does not think negatively of the hints of iron in the people he is happy to care for and let care for him. He does not ask how three of the Colonels’s sons died, or why the family brings guns to family picnics. He sees these as small facets of a family with "a handsome lot of quality" (118).

Language

To have another language is to possess a second soul. † said Charlemagne, which may sound like a clich © but is actually very accurate. I believe that learning a language expands our life views and provides us some significant opportunities. Firstly, I strongly believe that the language we learn directly affects our way of thinking as we start to think in that particular language.For example Turkish is my mother tongue and I am learning English as a second language, so I know that there s not exact translation for most of the words from Turkish to English. In this situation if I think like a Turkish, I will probably be misunderstood and cannot state my ideas clearly. So I have to think like an American when I am speaking English to appropriately express my thoughts. This way I will have a different way of thinking of a different culture and I can get to know that culture better.I think this experience ives me a second identity, and this second identity diversifies the way I l ook at the things as well as my knowledge. In other words, I become a different person than I was before I learned that particular language. The other benefit of learning a second language is obviously being able to communicate with many people. Especially when a person is learning a widely spoken language like English or Spanish, it becomes a lot easier to get to know other people from different countries nd cultures.Additionally learning foreign languages provides huge benefits when it comes to the career, as it is a necessity to know foreign languages to apply for a Job or to work abroad. In conclusion learning a new language will expand our knowledge of the world as we have the mentality of a foreign culture while speaking that language and we gain a second identity with that experience. And of course new languages provide us to get to know more people and contribute to our success.

Women in World War II essays

Women in World War II essays It was a time of discrimination when World War II started in 1939 with Europe fighting against Hitler. About a year later, we started in to help Europe but we got in our own feud against Japan. Our men started leaving the country in 1941 to defend their country in the war with Japan. At this time the womens place was still in the home. Ladies were looked upon as mothers and nothing more. But since the beginning of World War II, a womens place and social stature has remarkably progressed. Daly life in America changed for the worse. People had to cut back on the things that they needed as well as the things that they wanted. Imports that previously made life easier in America disappeared. The things that the soldiers needed over in the Pacific were shipped without delay leaving the endemic women helpless. Not for long however, for to fulfill these needs and jobs were the super women of America. Some jobs that women took included nurses, factory workers and journalists. But there were other occupations that did not result in a paycheck. The women who ran the house by themselves had to act as a mother and father. They had to make the money and take care of the family. The jobs that women assumed in America, however, were nothing compared to the feats they had to undergo in the Pacific. Women in the pacific flew planes, fought in the war, and were nurses and doctors for wounded soldiers. There were many different United States Organizations that women could participate in. And if they chose not to participate in these certain groups, there were other parties formed to aide the war that they could join. ...

Free Essays on Fear Appeals And EPPM

Witte’s Extended Parallel Processing Model addresses the effectiveness of fear appeals and the subsequent reactions people have to these certain messages. A fear appeal is effective if it successfully generates the emotion of fear within a person. Not all fear appeals are successful, however. Some contain too great a threat, and some contain too little threat. These appeals can be simple threats from a friend or teacher or a commercial, television or magazine ad. The effectiveness of a fear appeal is greater if one perceives that they are directly susceptible to the perceived threat. With the recent rise in the use of the drug ecstasy among young adults, this original commercial would be effective in generating fear within this group of people. A group of teenagers are getting ready to go out to what appears to be a club. The scenes flash back and forth to different girls putting on makeup and skimpy clothes. It is apparent that they are preparing to go to a rave. One of the girls smiles and takes out a plastic bag with a number of white pills in it. All of the other girls gather around her while the holder of the pills allots each girl 2 pills. They all take them willingly and smile. The next scene shows the girls dancing and having a good time at a club. The lights are intense and the crowd keeps thickening. Suddenly, the camera zooms in on one of the girls and starts spinning circles around her, illustrating that she is dizzy and loosing consciousness. Her feeble attempts to grab her friends for help are brushed off. She falls on the ground and is s wallowed up by dancing ravers. The camera focuses in on the girl being trampled underneath the shoes of the other club patrons. Despite her attempts to get someone’s attention, she is not heard. The camera fades to black although the music and laughter can still be heard. The next scene shows the girl on the ground, completely disheveled and unconscious. Black ... Free Essays on Fear Appeals And EPPM Free Essays on Fear Appeals And EPPM Witte’s Extended Parallel Processing Model addresses the effectiveness of fear appeals and the subsequent reactions people have to these certain messages. A fear appeal is effective if it successfully generates the emotion of fear within a person. Not all fear appeals are successful, however. Some contain too great a threat, and some contain too little threat. These appeals can be simple threats from a friend or teacher or a commercial, television or magazine ad. The effectiveness of a fear appeal is greater if one perceives that they are directly susceptible to the perceived threat. With the recent rise in the use of the drug ecstasy among young adults, this original commercial would be effective in generating fear within this group of people. A group of teenagers are getting ready to go out to what appears to be a club. The scenes flash back and forth to different girls putting on makeup and skimpy clothes. It is apparent that they are preparing to go to a rave. One of the girls smiles and takes out a plastic bag with a number of white pills in it. All of the other girls gather around her while the holder of the pills allots each girl 2 pills. They all take them willingly and smile. The next scene shows the girls dancing and having a good time at a club. The lights are intense and the crowd keeps thickening. Suddenly, the camera zooms in on one of the girls and starts spinning circles around her, illustrating that she is dizzy and loosing consciousness. Her feeble attempts to grab her friends for help are brushed off. She falls on the ground and is s wallowed up by dancing ravers. The camera focuses in on the girl being trampled underneath the shoes of the other club patrons. Despite her attempts to get someone’s attention, she is not heard. The camera fades to black although the music and laughter can still be heard. The next scene shows the girl on the ground, completely disheveled and unconscious. Black ...

Career Options Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Career Options - Assignment Example s skills in software graphics and programming, be imaginative and creative, able to cope with the changing technology, have good communications and interpersonal skills and flexible to work under extreme situations. Web developers are employed across all industries from retails to finance as well as other private and public organizations. Most employers expect web developer’s applicants to have relevant degree education, with an added advantage of postgraduate certification in the relevant field. I agree with the post because the ideal duty of a computer programmer is to develop programs for organizations or companies. Coding is the main task that computer programmers work on. They test programs before selling or implementing them in the work place. However, i disagree with the post because computer programmers earn more than $74,240 per year. I also disagree with the post since it takes more than the four or five years of studying computer programming to become one. Apart from the classroom teaching, computer programmer undertake professional course in order to adopt in various programming platforms. Generally, computer programmers earn around $7000 dollars to $8000 a month (Soloway, Elliot, and Spohrer

Mitigating Burnout and Stress through Transformational Leadership Article

Mitigating Burnout and Stress through Transformational Leadership - Article Example TL is defined as performance and leadership beyond expectations. Studies have shown that the application of TL leads to efficiency and reduction of job stress among employees. A study, by use of questionnaires, was carried out by customer care service employees (CCSEs) to determine the relationship between TS, burnout, and JS. The questionnaire, which covered questions on measurements, TL, JS and Job burnout, were distributed to sampled hotels, restaurants and pubs in the Lower Mainland of Canada. Pubs were eliminated from the survey owing to few accepting to be studied leaving a sample size of 33.8% and 66.2% for hotel and restaurant CCSEs respectively. The responses were analyzed statistically and different hypotheses tested against the responses resulting in varying relationships between the different types of leadership, JS and burn out. The results showed that JS was directly proportional to burnout and inversely proportional to TL. This, as a matter of fact, showed that TL approaches and methods are beneficial to organizations. The article states that both transformational and transactional leadership styles have advantages though it pointed out that TL produced better results on employees and lessened stress levels. To be an effective leader, therefore, I would adopt the TL style. The article shows how TL reduces JS and burnout in CCSEs. CCSEs are subjected to different types of work environments which expose them to higher levels of stress compared to workers in most other fields. If TL produced positive results on these employees, then it would most likely work on employees of any other industry. Effective leadership has more to do with being a leader than a being a manager.  

Natural Resources and Environmental Economics Essay - 2

Natural Resources and Environmental Economics - Essay Example This essay has been aimed at showing the possibility for the economic instruments to work effectively for the minimization of the pesticide water pollution on the local level. While the legal threshold of pesticide residues is equal to 0.1 ÃŽ ¼g/l, 5 to 10% of waters in Belgium, Denmark, the UK and France are found to be contaminated with the levels of pesticides exceeding these limits. As 65% of Europeans use ground waters for drinking, the seriousness of the problem increases and needs expensive treatment. The major impact that is mentioned in the essay is made on the local communities which mostly rely on groundwater supplies. Though there have been shown the disadvantages in the previous policies, the general direction in which the authorities work is correct. There have been shown the possible strategies and recommendations to make this work even more effective. It is suggested by the researcher of the essay that the future work in the area of pesticide pollution is concentrated on the development of the new economic instruments in combination with ecological knowledge. It will also be useful to account the international experience, though any policy should first of all be implemented at the local level. The advantage of the local addressing the issue is in the fact that local authorities are more able to control each polluter separately, which ultimately makes the whole work in the sphere of environment protection at the state level more effective and produces better results.

A Leader Essay Example for Free

A Leader Essay Leaders can be seen in a variety of ways such as a president, a soldier, an athlete. But does a lieutenant only lead his men into combat? Or does a president just send the military off to war in one command? Leadership has a far different meaning than one man giving orders. Being a leader, one must understand that you cannot carry every single thing upon your hands. Sometimes, even a leader can find themselves tied up in a knot and not realizing what they’ve done or are doing. Therefore, in a leadership position there must always contain a group so that way the leader will not rule over everything and actually be seen as an inspiring person; one who sacrifices themselves for others, and one who searches for the best outcome. Throughout my life of experience, I have come across â€Å"leaders and leadership†. There also have been many leaders way before my time came about. For example, somebody like John. F. Kennedy. This man was seen as very inspiring to the American people at the time. His speeches and commitment drove not only the people in the right path but the country as well. Currently, our country is being run by Barak Obama which is actually really good. He is a great example of a leader. He has helped our country in the past few years get a lot out of this huge dept we have and are actually still having. He’s also has helped us with this welfare and also is giving a bit more benefits for illegal immigrants. In addition, the outcome o f his work shall inspire the people of America. Currently my most favorable experience of leadership is actually taking place as we speak. I came across a book by the one and only great baseball player Josh Hamilton. It is called â€Å"Beyond Belief†. Josh Hamilton is a great example as a leader and is a man who inspires many ball players. Although he was drug tested and came out positive for cocaine and also suspended from the major leagues, he fought his way back to where he belonged in the majors. From a very young age he we always seen upon as the leader of the team. At the age of only six years old he obtained the skills to play with the older kids. Even then he was better than the older kids. He was always leading his teams in hits, average, and home runs. He carried this through high school. Although he was doing all these great things at once, being that type of leader is far different from being a leader for the team. He  would always care for his teammates as if they were brothers and always lightened up situati ons when they would be down a couple of runs or lost a game. He would sacrifice himself when needed and was always one for helping out his team before powering his skills onto the field. He was not a selfish person at all and never bragged about anything he did. He did it for the love of the game that he cherished so much. That’s what really defines a true leader. When one does not become selfish and truly believes in the good of things whether it is an athlete or a president. Therefore, the outcome will not only inspire teammates or the people of America, but maybe even inspire them self to do more and be greater. A leader always does what is best for the outcome. Overall for the country, or for their teammate. Within a leader, there is always something unique about them. There are reasons, facts, and details on why they seem so inspiring to many people and that is why they are chosen to be the leader or even simply be seen as a leader. Although a leader may have the drive to do something right it is not always the right or best thing. Groups will play an important role for the leader and back them up with opinions of their own. Furthermore, a leader must play along or they will not be seen as a one who sacrifices or inspires anything. Overall, the true greatness of a leader will only show when one is tested. It really can be at any moment. Josh Hamilton was tested for drugs and came out positive unfortunately. But the real test was whether he would be able to get back on his feet from this. Which in the end he did and fought his way all the way back to the top. Leaders do not vary simply off of how many people know them, how many votes, or how many home runs are hit. They’re leadership shows when they are in the toughest moments that seem they cannot get across but actually can. As long as there is a contained group within leadership, more often than not everything will be fine. Things will not turn into a dictatorship and one man will not lead his team to the world series. Therefore, the group within will help their leader realize what they are doing and they will in fact sacrifice, inspire, and search for the best outcome.

Philosophy Of Quality :: essays research papers

In respect to quality of materials, there are three well known philosophers whom are most referenced: W. Edwards Deming, Philip B. Crosby, and Joseph M. Juran. Throughout the twentieth century, these three men have continuously integrated new systems for improvement in the quality system. The first and probably most well known of these philosophers is W. Edwards Deming. Deming first came into the public eye when he was credited with assisting the Japanese after World War II and helping to elevate the Japanese industry into the forefront of world industry. Deming stresses that the most important part of quality is the role of management. Deming also emphasizes on achieving long term goals through cultural transformation rather then short term needs. Deming’s findings can be viewed best through his “System of Profound Knowledge,'; and his “14 Points of Management.'; While Deming was continually expanding his research, Philip B. Crosby entered the forefront of quality in the 1970’s. Crosby has been a consulter as well as a trainer for many leaders in the manufacturing industries. Like Deming, Crosby also has a “14-Step Pan for Quality Improvement.'; Crosby’s main focus is first evaluate the quality system and make improvements on the current system. Another of Crosby’s main concerns is defects. Crosby emphasizes that the performance standard should be “zero defects.'; The most recent of the philosophers is Joseph M. Juran. In the late 1980’s Juran founded an institute to consult and train management in quality. In addition to Deming, Juran also visited Japan to assist their industry at the end of World War II. Juran’s most famous theory of quality is his “quality trilogy,'; which focuses on planning, control and improvement of the quality system. Although Deming, Crosby, and Juran have never collaborated on their work, many similarities are apart in their beliefs. For example, all three men stress the importance of the management system. Also, they have created step-by-step processes by which industries should follow in order to prove the quality of their products. Another important point which is shared by all three men is that quality should be viewed as an entity. Regardless to the fact that all three have based their lives on the ambitious goal of developing a system to improve quality, there are several key differences exist amidst these three quality experts. First and foremost is their definition of quality. Deming uses statistical predictions, basing his entire view of quality on the quality of the process, not the product whereas Crosby and Juran focus more on the customer.

Character analysis of Curleys wife and Slim. :: English Literature

Character analysis of Curley's wife and Slim. Steinbeck managers to deliver Curley's wife and Slim's description of their characters so clearly because we get told what people think of them but then we get given their clear precise description of them so we can make our judgement of their personality. We first hear about Curley's wife by Candy when he tells George and Lennie. This is a bit of gossip that Candy tells George about Curley's wife and it is also the opinion of most of the ranch workers. Now Candy is a gossip and he wants to tell George and he does it very effectively. Candy makes sure that George is on his side and you can tell that he feels a bit safer when George agrees with him. We are told that Curley's wife is very beautiful and a bit of a flirt when Candy says, 'I seen her give Slim the eye.' 'An' I seen her give Carlson the eye.' Candy's opinion of Curley's wife is emphasized when he says to George, 'Know what I think?' 'Well, I think Curley's married à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a tart' Steinbeck has given us a general Idea about her character but then he builds upon that by introducing her to George and Lennie. As soon as she walks in to the bunkhouse signs start to emerge. Her figure cuts off the sunlight from outside, 'the rectangle of sunshine in the doorway was cut off.' This makes the bunkhouse dark and dark is a sign for trouble and evil. Her description is very vivid and mentions the colour red, which is a very symbolised colour. 'She had full, rouged lips' 'Her fingernails were red.' 'She wore a cotton house dress and red mules, on the instep of which were little bouquets of red ostrich feathers.' Red is a symbol of danger but it can also mean love and passion. Red is also the colour that enrages a bull and since Lennie has been described and related to different animals I think Lennie could be a bull as well. Another detail that is made about Curley's wife is that 'Her voice had a nasal, brittle quality.' This is different to all of her other details because it suggests that she is also very fragile. A clue again relating to her being fragile is when she asks Slim if he has seen Curley. When Slim says that Curley is looking for her she reacts in a way that I think she is scared of Curley, 'She was suddenly apprehensive.' Another aspect that Steinbeck managers to deliver is that she is called Curley's wife

Change over Time: the Americas Essay

The social and economic transformations in the Americas occured as a result of new contacts with Europe and Africa from 1450-1750. Large scale European immigration occured shortly after the voyages of Christopher Columbus starting in 1492. Immagrants came over to flee from religious persecution, seek economic opprotunities, part of government sponsored attempts to found colonies, or forcibly transported there as slaves or prisoners. As more and more people came to America they brought with them crops, livestock, and diseases. The Columbian exchange greatly affected the American society. It brought with it diseases, crops, and livestock. There were devastating effects of Old World diseases on Native American populations. Infectious diseases, such as smallpox, resulted in the largest death toll in the New World. New foods became staples of human diets and new growing regions opened up for crops. Two of Americas major cash crops, sugar and coffee, come from Africa and Asia. Livestock from the Europe also flourished in the New World. One of Europeans first imports, the horse, changed th lives of many Native American tribes. Trade began to become a big part of life in America. The transatlantic triangular trade operated in the 17th and 18th centuries between West Africa, the Americas, and European colonial powers. The trade represented a profitable enterprise of enslaved Africans. The use of slaves was fundamental to growing the colonial cash crops in the New World. A constant problem in the Americas was the dissagreements between the Natives and the European settlers. The settlers imposed their economic and religious beliefs on the Natives. They often tried to convert them to the European way of living. Europeans took over their land by using their advanced technology and enslaved them as workers or maids on plantations. This led to the constant wars and revolts between these two groups and ended up in many deaths of not only the Natives but the settlers too.

Count Raymond of Toulouse - Crusader

Count Raymond of Toulouse - Crusader Raymond of Toulouse was also known as: Raymond of Saint-Gilles, Raimond de Saint-Gilles, Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, Raymond I of Tripoli, marquis of Provence; also spelled Raymund Raymond of Toulouse was known for: Being the first nobleman to take the cross and lead an army in the First Crusade. Raymond was an important leader of the Crusades armies, and participated in the capture of Antioch and Jerusalem. Occupations: CrusaderMilitary Leader Places of Residence and Influence: FranceThe Latin East Important Dates: Born: c. 1041Antioch captured: June 3, 1098Jerusalem captured: July 15, 1099Died: Feb. 28, 1105 About Raymond of Toulouse: Raymond was born in Toulouse, France, in 1041 or 1042. Upon taking the countship, he began to reassemble his ancestral lands, which had been lost to other families. After 30 years he built up a significant power base in southern France, where he controlled 13 counties. This made him more powerful than the king. A devout Christian, Raymond was a staunch supporter of the papal reform that Pope Gregory VII had initiated and that Urban II continued. He is believed to have fought in the Reconquista in Spain, and may have gone on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. When Pope Urban made his call for Crusade in 1095, Raymond was the first leader to take up the cross. Already past 50 and considered elderly, the count left the lands hed so carefully consolidated in the hands of his son and committed to go on a perilous journey to the Holy Land along with his wife. In the Holy Land, Raymond proved to be one of the most effective leaders of the First Crusade. He helped capture Antioch, then led the troops onward to Jerusalem, where he participated in a successful siege yet refused to become king of the vanquished city. Later, Raymond captured Tripoli and built near the city the castle of Mons Peregrinus (Mont-Pà ¨lerin). He died there in February, 1105. Raymond was missing an eye; how he lost it remains a matter of conjecture. More Raymond of Toulouse Resources: Portrait of Raymond of Toulouse Raymond of Toulouse in Print The link below will take you to an online bookstore, where you can find more information about the book to help you get it from your local library. This is provided as a convenience to you; neither Melissa Snell nor About is responsible for any purchases you make through these links.   Raymond IV Count of Toulouseby John Hugh Hill and Laurita Lyttleton Hill Raymond of Toulouse on the Web Raymond IV, of Saint-GillesBrief bio at the Catholic EncyclopediaThe First CrusadeMedieval FranceChronological Index Geographical Index Index by Profession, Achievement, or Role in Society The text of this document is copyright  ©2011-2016 Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is   not  granted to reproduce this document on another website. For publication permission,  please   contact  Melissa Snell. The URL for this document is:http://historymedren.about.com/od/rwho/p/who-raymond-of-toulouse.htm

Racial Disparities in Healthca essays

Racial Disparities in Healthca essays Minorities suffer disproportionately from health disparities and disparities in health care received. The impact of these disparities becomes even more profound when the projected growth of the population of Americans who are minorities are taken into account. African-Americans for example continue to have the highest rates of mortality from heart disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease and HIV/AIDS than any other U.S. racial or ethnic group. American Indians disproportionately die from diabetes, liver disease and cirrhosis, and unintentional injuries. Hispanic Americans are almost twice as likely as non-Hispanic whites to die from diabetes. In addition, some Asian-American subpopulations experience rates of stomach, liver and cervical cancers that are well above the national averages (Collins, Hall, Differences in access to healthcare play a role in these disparities. Hispanics, Asian Americans, American Indians and African-Americans are less likely than whites to have health insurance, have more difficulty getting healthcare, and have fewer choices in where to receive care. Hispanic and African-American patients are also more likely to receive care in hospital emergency rooms, and are less likely than whites to have regular primary care providers (Collins, Hall, National data reveal that over the past fifty years, the health of both minorities and white persons has improved in the United States as evidenced by increases in life expectancy and declines in mortality (National Center for Health Statistics, 2000.) Despite steady improvement in the overall health of the U.S. population, ra...

Explain the circumstances in which rights and Essays

Explain the circumstances in which rights and Essays Explain the circumstances in which rights and Essay Explain the circumstances in which rights and Essay Explain the fortunes in which rights and duties arise or continue after the employment relationship has ended. Explain the historical development of the countries that you choose to discourse. Introduction It is clear that whilst most employment rights and duties arise and apply in relation to the relationship which exists between employer and employee during the period in which the employment contract exists. However, this is by no agency ever the instance, there are state of affairss in which both employers and employees will hold legal duties towards each other after this relationship has ended. It will non be possible to cover all these state of affairss in the undermentioned work, but this essay will dwell in an effort to pull attending foremost to the go oning duties which are of import to the employer, viz. the duty on the employee non to unwrap confidential information gained in the class of their employment. Second it will analyze the duties and rights which are of import to employees. The first of these is with respect to mentions from the former employer the proviso of which may give rise to a claim in civil wrong for the former employee, depending on the fortunes. The 2nd a nd reasonably recent development in relation to employees relates to the anti favoritism statute law. The protection under this statute law now extends to protect employees after the employment contract has ended in certain fortunes. Third the essay will look at some of the procedural rights and duties which arise after the employment contract has ended. In this subdivision I will concentrate on the modified statutory disciplinary and dismissal process and statutory grudge process which come into drama after the employment contract has ended and the duty on the portion of the employer to give grounds for a dismissal after the effectual day of the month of expiration. Competition by Ex-employees In certain fortunes employers can keep the activities of their employees even after the employment contract has ended. The employers will be entitled to protect their legitimate trade involvements in two ways. First they may trust on the responsibility of trueness and fidelity which implies into the employment contract a term of confidentiality which extends to ex-employees. Secondly employers may include a restrictive compact in the employment contract which restrains the employee from transporting out certain activities. Covering chiefly with the responsibility of trueness and fidelity, it seems clear from the instance jurisprudence that the responsibility will merely be invoked if the breach takes topographic point before the employment ceased. [ 1 ] Second the tribunals are more likely to keep the usage of touchable information than intangible information. So for illustration in the instance ofRobb V Green[ 2 ] the ex employee was restrained from utilizing a list of his employer’s clients which he had copied before go forthing his employment for his ain advantage. If the information which the employee is utilizing is non written the tribunals will be loath to keep the employee. [ 3 ] A differentiation will besides be drawn between the employees general cognition and single accomplishment of the employee which he may hold gained in the class of his employment and something which out to be regarded as a trade secret and deserving of protection by the employer. [ 4 ] The instance ofFacenda Chicken Ltd v Fowler [ 1986 ] ICR 297upheld the being of an implied responsibility in relation to utilize and revelation of information, but restricted it to merchandise secrets and specifically distinguished information which had become portion of the employees own accomplishment and cognition. The Court of Appeal in this instance besides drew attending to the inquiry of whether the employer expressed the confidentiality to the employee. This was relevant though non deciding. In the instant instance information associating to gross revenues which the employee attempted to utilize after his employment with them ended, was held non to be a trade secret on the face of it and the emp loyers had non done plenty to show its confidentiality. The information in inquiry need non be complicated and proficient, but it must decently be regarded as confidential. In the instance ofThomas Marshall ( Exports ) Ltd V Guinle[ 5 ] Megarry VC laid out four elements to the trial for confidentiality which are as follows: The proprietor of the information must believe that its information the release of which would be deleterious to the employer or advantage his challengers. The proprietor must believe the information is confidential and non in the public sphere. The above beliefs must be sensible. The information will be judged in the visible radiation of the peculiar industry and trade patterns. One extra point to observe in relation to the implied responsibility of trueness and fidelity is that it has been held that in certain fortunes the public involvement will necessitate that the information in inquiry is disclosed to those who have a proper involvement in having it. [ 6 ] For illustration where the information relates to misbehave on the portion of the employer, the employee will non be restrained from informing the relevant regulative organic structure. In footings of redress, the most appropriate redress for the employer will be an injunction to forestall the employee utilizing confidential information and amendss for breaches of the implied responsibility which the employee has already committed. The 2nd manner in which an duty might originate on the portion of the employee to act in a peculiar manner after employment has ended is if their employment contract contains an express restrictive compact. The fact that the implied responsibility discussed above is comparatively limited in scope means many employers frequently prefer to utilize this signifier of contractual term. However, to be enforceable the term must protect a legitimate concern involvement. It is non possible to expressly forbid competition. Because the clauses seek to curtail the manner in which the ex employee does concern after his employment has ended, the philosophy of restraint of trade will besides use. Therefore the term will be leading facie nothingness and merely enforceable if it’s sensible. It has been held that in this respect it must be sensible in mention to the involvements of the parties concerned or the public â€Å"so framed, so guarded as to afford equal protection to the party in whose favor they are imposed, while at the same time†¦in no manner deleterious to the public.† [ 7 ] The load is on the employer to set up rationality and must be no more than moderately necessary to afford the protection sought. The rationality must be judged at the clip the contract was made. [ 8 ] It will besides be judged on a instance to instance footing with the peculiar trade or concern in head. The length of the restraint and the geographical country which it covers are things which will be taken i nto consideration. There must besides be a legitimate proprietary involvement in the topic of the term. As with the implied term of trueness and fidelity, the employer can non curtail the employee from viing utilizing the cognition and accomplishment with which the employment has equipped him, merely personal cognition of trade secrets or connexions, employees or providers which were acquired from his employers and which may disfavor them. [ 9 ] The tribunals attack to construing these clauses has non ever been consistent. For illustration in the instance ofLittlewoods Organisation Ltd V Harris[ 10 ] Lord Denning took a broad ranging clause which prevented the ex employee working for any rival companies or subordinates throughout the universe and implied into it restricting words so as to curtail it to the portion of the concern which the employer was moderately allowed to protect. However inJA Mont UK Ltd V Mills[ 11 ] the Court of Appeal struck down a clause that prevented the ex employee working for a specific challenger for one twelvemonth. Their logical thinking was that there was â€Å"no effort to explicate the compact so as to concentrate on restraint necessary to guard against possible abuse of the information, the lone legitimate mark for enforcing any restraint on future employment.†[ 12 ] Employers would be good advised to follow a restrictive attack to these compacts as it is non ever clear how generous the tribunals will be in construing clauses which impose duties on the employee after their employment has ended. It does now seem clear that if the terminal of the employee’s contract has come about because of a breach on the portion of the employer, such as unlawful expiration the employer will non be able to implement a restrictive compact restricting the activities of the employee. This was the attack in the early instance ofGeneral Billposting Ltd V Attkinson[ 13 ] . There was some difference amongst the tribunals as to the consequence of a clause which restricted station expiration activities howsoever the expiration came approximately, for illustration â€Å"whether lawful or unlawful† . For a clip the tribunals focused on the specific building of the clause and hence in the instance of a clause such as this the employer would be able to implement it irrespective of a unlawful expiration. However the instance ofRock Refrigeration Ltd V Jones and Seward Refrigeration Ltd[ 14 ] eventually settled the affair in favor of the former attack. There are two chief justifications for this. First, the premature and unlawful expiration of the contract deprived the employee of full consideration in exchange for which he accepted the station expiration restraint. Second, the unlawful renunciation, as unlawful expiration would be, puts an terminal to the full contract and hence releases the employee from any of his duties under it. It may be that the tribunals elect to break up the clause so as to take the offending parts of it and go forthing the remainder in tact. This will merely be done if the portion they are seeking to break up is independent from the remainder of the clause and the remainder of the clause makes sense without it. The tribunals will non compose a new a new compact or change the nature of the understanding. [ 15 ] It is clear so that the tribunals are prepare to accept that certain contractual duties, both implied and expressed, continue or arise after the contract has come to an terminal. They are likely to take a reasonably restrictive attack to how far the antique employee can be restrained in his future employment or trade and they will merely let their activities to be restricted to the extent perfectly necessary to protect their former employer’s involvement. Mentions The proviso of a mention by an employer will evidently take topographic point after the employment contract has come to an terminal. Whilst the employer is under no duty to supply a mention, if he does take to make so there is an duty that it be accurate. If they do non they may go apt in civil wrong to both the subsequent employer who relies on the mention and the topic of the mention. [ 16 ] There are three possible causes of action for the employee. Defamation and malicious falsity are comparatively noncontroversial, but it now seems that the employee may hold a cause of action in negligent misstatement. This relates back to theHedley Byrne and Co v Heller[ 17 ] opinion that recovery can be made for pure economic loss where a particular relationship exists between the parties. With respect to defamation the mention is protected by qualified privilege, since the employer and possible employer have an involvement in it. [ 18 ] However this defense mechanism is lost if it can be shown that the individual giving the mention is motivated by maliciousness. The suspect must hold an honest, positive belief in the truth of what he publishes. If he publishes recklessly will be treated as if he knew it was false. [ 19 ] The employee will non be able to avail himself of this cause of action if he implicitly consented to the publication. In the instance ofFriend v Civil Aviation Authority[ 20 ] the employee accepted a disciplinary codification as portion of his employment contract. It was held that he thereby explicitly consented to the republication of a peculiar ailment as portion of a disciplinary procedure and he could non therefore complain about its republication in a mention. The 2nd cause of action for the employee would be deleterious or malicious falsity. In this instance the employee must demo that the employer made the statements maliciously, meaning them to do him damage. [ 21 ] It needn’t sum to an onslaught on the claimant’s character as with calumny. The tribunals did look to be traveling in the way of accepting that the referee owed a responsibility of attention in carelessness to the employee as the topic of the mention. In the instance ofLawton V BOC Transfield Ltd[ 22 ] Tudor J held that the employee relied on the referee to give an accurate mention and there was sufficient propinquity and foreseeability for a responsibility of attention to originate. The responsibility was to take sensible attention to guarantee that the sentiments stated are based on accurate facts. The House of Lords eventually confirmed this responsibility of attention in the instance ofSpring V Guardian Assurances[ 23 ] . They held that the Hedley Byrne demands were present. Furthermore, they held that the balance of public involvement favoured that a redress in carelessness be available. Whilst the mention is required to be accurate it is non necessary, to get away liability, that it be to the full comprehensive. The responsibility is to take sensible attention non to give deceptive information whether as a consequence of below the belt selective proviso of information or by the inclusion of facts and sentiments in such a mode as to give rise to a misguided illation in the head of a sensible receiver. [ 24 ] If the employer mentions a ailment which has non been brought to the employee’s attending the employer may be in breach of the implied term of trust and assurance. As a consequence of this the employee may be able to claim to hold been constructively dismissed. [ 25 ] The employer is now besides under a responsibility non to know apart against the former employer on the footing of sex, race or disablement. This will be discussed at length in the undermentioned subdivision. In drumhead when the employment relationship comes to an terminal and an employer agrees to supply a mention for the former employee a duty arises to supply and accurate history of the employee. The employee has the option of several causes of action in civil wrong if the employer does non follow with this duty. Post- Employment Discrimination The right on the portion of the employee non to be discriminated against has late been held to outlast the employment contract. This right stems form the anti favoritism statute law, The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 ( SDA ) , The Race Relations Act 1976 ( RRA ) and the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 ( DDA ) . The relevant instance wasRelaxion Group plc ( Respondents ) v Rhys-Harper ( FC ) ( Appellant ) , DSouza ( Appellant ) v London Borough of Lambeth ( Respondents ) , Jones ( Appellant ) v 3M Healthcare Limited ( Respondents ) and three other actions( The Relaxion instance ) . These dealt with the inquiry in each of the three Acts consecutively. In order to understand the determination in the Relaxion instance it is necessary to look at the relevant statute law and the history taking up to that determination. The relevant subdivisions of the anti favoritism statute law are as follows: Section 6 ( 2 ) of the SDA 1975 Section 4 ( 2 ) of the RRA 1976 Section 4 ( 2 ) of the DDA 1995 With respect to the SDA and the RRA the employer is prohibited from know aparting against a individual â€Å"employed by him† . The DDA prohibits favoritism against person â€Å"whom he employs† . The inquiry is whether these phrases can be interpreted to widen to actions taken by the employer after the contract of employment has ended, i.e. after the effectual day of the month of expiration. The instance ofAdekeye v Post Office[ 26 ] the Court of Appeal held that the RRA did non use to favoritism which occurred after the employment contract had ended, so an employee who suffered race favoritism during an entreaty against dismissal was non protected by the statute law. The place in relation to arouse favoritism was thought to be the same. However the European Court of Justice held in the instance ofCoote V Granada Hospitality[ 27 ] that the Equal Treatment Directive 76/207 EEC did use to a state of affairs where the employer refused to give the employee a mention because he was know aparting against her on the evidences of sex. When theRhys Harper V Relaxioninstance came to the Court of Appeal the tribunal surprisingly confined Coote to its facts and held that the employer’s refusal to look into a sexual torment claim did non conflict the SDA because it occurred after the employment had ended. The Court of Appeal besides refused to revisit the Adekeye determination in the visible radiation of Coote when the D’Souza instance came before them. The two instances along with a figure of disablement favoritism instances headed by that ofJones v 3M Health Carewent up to the House of Lords and were heard consecutively. The instance hinged on the reading of the three subdivisions notes above. The House held that there was no discernible difference between the three. Lord Hobhouse stated: â€Å"These legislative acts should be read as lending to a developing strategy of anti favoritism jurisprudence and as such the words should non without good ground be given different reading as between one of the legislative acts and another. They are non legislative acts to be officially read with each other, but they are legislative acts which reflect a consistent ( though developing ) legislative policy.† The House held that the statute law could be interpreted to widen past the effectual day of the month of expiration so long as a sufficient connexion could be proved between the post-employment favoritism and the employment. The indispensable logical thinking was that the favoritism statute law applies to the full employment relationship which can go on after the effectual day of the month of expiration of the employment contract. The House of Lords could see non ground to randomly stop the protection of the employee on the effectual day of the month of expiration if they were still holding traffics with the employer stemming from their former employment. It should be noted that the D’Souza instance was still dismissed because it concerned a refusal to re-instate the employee allegedly on prejudiced evidences. The House of Lords held that because re-instatement was a statutory redress provided for unjust dismissal it did non fall within the range of the RRA. Coincidentally, the anti favoritism statute law has undergone a recent inspection and repair in response to the EC Directive on Race Discrimination and Framework Employment. The SDA and RRA Amended Regulation 2003 now explicitly province that favoritism continues to be improper after the employment relationship has ended ‘where the favoritism arises out of and is closely connected to that relationship’ Similar commissariats were incorporated in the amended DDA which came into force in October 2004. It is deserving observing that the RRA ordinances merely apply to favoritism on the evidences of race or cultural or national beginning ( non color or nationality ) which might intend that D’Souza continues to use more widely. The restriction in relation to re instatement is besides likely to last. To reason this subdivision it is now a clearly established rule, whether by instance jurisprudence or statute law implementing EC directives that the employees right non to be discriminated against continues after the official terminal of the employment contract. This is clearly a logical place for the jurisprudence to be in. There can be no sense in taking the protection from the employee on the precise effectual day of the month of expiration when certain parts of the employment relationship continue past this day of the month, for illustration the may wish to appeal against a dismissal or be provided with a mention. If they are non protected from favoritism during these proceedings they may good be loath to take portion in them at some considerable disadvantage to themselves. This would non be a satisfactory province of personal businesss for any anti favoritism undertaking. Some of these post employment procedural affairs will be discussed in more item in the undermentioned subdi vision. Procedural rights and duties which arise and continue post-employment Written Statement of Reasons for Dismissal An employee is entitled to be provided with a written statement of grounds for his dismissal under the Employment Rights Act 1996 s 92 ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) as amended by the Employment Rights ( Dispute Resolution ) Act 1998. The written statement may mention to paperss already given to the employee, but transcripts these paperss must be provided. [ 28 ] The employee must bespeak the statement with 14 yearss of the effectual day of the month of expiration. The employer is non required to supply a written statement of grounds if one is non requested save in two specific fortunes. The first is that the employee was pregnant at the clip of dismissal or on pregnancy leave. The 2nd is that they had taken clip off work because they have late adopted. In those fortunes the employer must supply a written statement of grounds to the employee whether they request one or non. Normally the employee must hold been continuously employed for a twelvemonth to take advantage of this subdivision, but once m ore this does non use to the two classs mentioned above. The punishments for failure are contained in Section 93 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 as amended. If an employer unreasonably fails to supply a statement on petition the Employment Tribunal will do a declaration as to what it finds the employers grounds for dismissal to hold been. If the employer purports to give grounds, but they are unequal or untrue he will be taken to hold failed to supply grounds. They must besides order the employer to pay the equivalent of two hebdomads pay to the employee. Two points can be noted about this subdivision. First, it used to be that the employee had to unreasonably ‘refuse’ to supply a written statement. The word ‘fails’ was introduced in the Trade Union Reform and Employment Act 1993. It clearly provided a wider right to the employee to do usage of subdivision 93 of the Employment Rights Act 1996. Second, subdivision 93 is penal in nature and as such the Employment Appeals Tribunal has hence held that it must be stiffly construed. The failure must be unreasonable. [ 29 ] Several rules have been developed around this demand. It will non be considered unreasonable, for illustration, if the employer candidly believes that there has been no dismissal. [ 30 ] It will besides non be unreasonable if the ground the employer gives is candidly what he believes to be the ground for dismissal. The court will non see whether it is a good or a bad ground. [ 31 ] The papers provided must be worded in such a manner that the employee and anyone else who he chooses to demo it to would be able to cognize from reading it why he was dismissed. [ 32 ] The employment court can non hear instances which arise from statements which the employer has voluntarily provided. In instances arisen out of written statements which have been requested the written statement will be admissible as grounds of the grounds for dismissal in any proceedings. [ 33 ] If the employer gives another ground in subsequent judicial proceeding the tribunal can either disregard it and keep the employer to his original statement or handle the statement as traveling to the employer’s credibleness. This in one illustration of a procedural right which arises after the employment contact has ended. Obviously this could non originate before such a clip as it relate specifically to dismissal and arises after the effectual day of the month of expiration. The Disciplinary and Grievance Procedures. It is common cognition that in the event of a contemplated dismissal the employer is under an duty to transport out a statutory three phase dismissal and disciplinary process ( DDP ) . The three phases are a statement puting out the employee’s alleged behavior, a meeting to discourse the affair and a right to appeal any subsequent determination. However this process may non be possible if the employment has already come to an terminal. A modified disciplinary process will use in the undermentioned fortunes: The employer dismissed the employee by ground of his or her behavior without notice. The dismissal took topographic point at the clip when the employer became cognizant of the behavior or instantly afterwards. The employer was entitled in the fortunes to disregard the employee without notice. [ 34 ] The Department of Trade and Industry Guidance suggests that this will merely be the instance in a really limited figure of fortunes. It is about ever unjust to summarily disregard an employee without probe, even in the face of evident gross misconduct. The modified process will besides non use where the employee presents their ailment of unjust dismissal before the employer has sent a written statement of evidences for dismissal. [ 35 ] The duty to supply a written statement of evidences for dismissal arises under paragraph 4 of the modified process contained in agenda 2 of the Act. The Disciplinary process will non use in the undermentioned fortunes: One party has sensible evidences for believing that get downing or finishing the process would ensue in a important menace to the party or their belongings or another party or their belongings. The party has been the topic of torment, defined by ordinance 11 ( 4 ) , and has sensible evidences for believing that get downing the DDP would farther the torment. It is non moderately operable to get down to DDP within a sensible period. These exclusions apply every bit to the criterion DDP, but one might conceive of them to be more likely to originate if the employee no longer works for the employer by ground of drumhead dismissal. Similarly there is a modified grudge process which comes into drama after the employee has ceased to be employed. [ 36 ] Efficaciously the modified process removes the demand for a meeting and allows the party to carry on the process by missive. Extra conditions for its application are Either the employer was unaware of the grudge at the clip of expiration or they were cognizant of it but the standard grudge process had non been complete before the expiration. AND The parties agree in composing to utilize the modified process. [ 37 ] In regard of this demand the understanding must associate to a specific grudge, it can non be a cover understanding to cover with all station employment grudges via the modified process. The same exclusions as with the DDP apply and neither the standard nor modified process where it is no longer operable for the ex-employee to compose a missive These modified processs provide utile illustrations of the manner in which some of the procedural demands of employment jurisprudence apply after the employment contract has ended. Decision I would reason by stating first that the affairs discussed above are by no agencies exhaustive of the ways rights and duties arise and continue after the employment contract has come to an terminal. What I hope to hold done is supply some recent and some more historical illustrations to exemplify the fact that in a assortment of fortunes the employment relationship does non come to an terminal at the effectual day of the month of expiration. This is so from both the employer and employees point of position. We have seen that the employee’s duty to keep confidentiality extends past the terminal of the contract for such a clip and in such a manner as is sensible to protect the involvements of the employer. The employer on the other manus is under a responsibility to supply an accurate mention after the employment has ended and continues to be prohibited from know aparting against the former employee during proceedings which arise from the employment, but which take topographic p oint after the effectual day of the month of expiration. Furthermore there are procedural issues which arise after the effectual day of the month of expiration and these have been specifically provided in the employment statute law. Employers and employees likewise would make good to retrieve that their relationship does non come to an immediate arrest at the effectual day of the month of expiration. The relationship implies several rights and duties which continue good after that day of the month. 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